Oligation portfolio(Law) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Oligation portfolio(Law) - Essay Example Contract Law is one of the branches of this law. The Law of Obligations and Contracts deals with the obligations, rights and duties concerning with agreements and contracts. Public law is a set of discipline empowering by public bodies which include government departments, local authorities and many more. We can say that this law deals with the state. Examples of this law are these two: tax law and criminal law. Assault, fraud, murder and theft are just four of the examples of crimes. I have read news published on April 5, 2010 by someone not mentioned. He gave an example of a crime happened during the 19th century which was a test of necessity. The Mignonette sank and the three crew members and Richard Parker, a young cabin boy were trapped in a raft. The young cabin boy was closed to death. Due to hunger, the crew killed and ate the poor young boy. The crew survived and were rescued but put on trial for murder. They argued that it was necessary to kill the sick young cabin boy for them to survive. The crew members were sentence to death but many complained that it was just right to preserve their lives. At first they were sentenced to hang but many people are in favor of them. Those people agreed that it is right to preserve lives though it means killing one. In the end, they were only sentenced to six months to jail. It was right to save lives, but saving lives doesn’t mean killing one. It was so sad to think that the crew members agreed to kill the 17 year old cabin boy and ate his flesh just to survive from hunger. They did not even think of other ways on how to survive on this situation. Maybe they thought that this child will just soon die so they decided to kill him. They did not even think that this child may survive from the sickness. It did not come to their minds that it would be happier if all of them will survive with the help of each other. Instead of killing him, they must suppose to offer some comfort to the child. They

The Study Skills Handbook Essay Example for Free

The Study Skills Handbook Essay In order to overcome the weaknesses of both the cross-sectional and longitudinal approach most developmental psychologists use a combination of the two in a single study as illustrated by Schaie (1965). He conducted a study of dependency behaviour in two, five and eight year olds. The first part of the study, which was cross-sectional, required data to be collected at all three age points. The longitudinal approach was then used following an interim of three years, when the two year olds reached the age of five and the five year olds reached the age of eight. If this study was simply longitudinal it would have taken six years before data collection was complete, therefore the combination of both approaches represents a fifty percent saving in time. It also allows for a check to be carried out on a possible cohort effect. Both data collection methods, the longitudinal and cross-sectional approach, can produce different findings on the same study. Weschslers cross-sectional study showed a decline in intelligence from the age of twenty. In contrast Schaie and Willis longitudinal study of intelligence showed an increase in intelligence up until the age of fifty. The reasons for the different findings is firstly the cohort effect, different past histories, connected to the cross-sectional approach and secondly participant attrition, that is to say participant drop out, associated with the longitudinal approach. In conclusion the longitudinal design is not the preferred approach for developmental psychologists because of the costs, time involved and participant attrition. On the other hand the cross-sectional design is very popular and is the preferred method as data covering a wide range of age points can be collected in a very short period of time. It is also cost effective and developmental questions can be answered quickly and efficiently. References Davey, G., (Ed) (2004) Complete Psychology. Oxon: Hodder Stroughton. Gleitman, H, Fridlund, A. J. F. Reisberg, D. (2004) Psychology (6th Ed.). New York: W.W.Norton. Cottrell, S., (2003) The Study Skills Handbook. (2nd Ed). Palgrave Macmillan. Millar, W.S. (2004) Methods used by Developmental Psychologists. Transcript PY 102C Developmental Psychology. Student No: 03037041

Confucianism and the west :: essays research papers

Throughout the course of the first half of the semester we have taken a broad scope of the major aspects of the phenomena that has been the recent history of China. When studying Modern China a common thread of ethical, cultural, religious, political, social, and economic aspects can be analyzed in relationship to Confucianism and its affect on international relations. These aspects show that historically (particularly the nineteenth century) China initially resisted the acceptance of Western influence in order to maintain its high level of uniqueness, isolation, and Confucianism which has bred its prosperity and demise. From its early to modern societies it was abundantly clear that China would be a largely Confucian-based society. Confucianism is a major system of thought in China. Developed from the teachings of Confucius and his disciples, their ideals centered on concern with the principles of good conduct, practical wisdom, and proper social relationships. Confucianism has influenced the Chinese attitude toward life, and set the patterns of living and standards of social value. The keynote of Confucian ethics is jen, variously translated as "love," "goodness," "humanity" and â€Å"respect for your neighbor† (http://www.formosa-kingdom.com/chinese/). Jen is a supreme virtue representing human qualities at their best. In human relations, jen is manifested in chung, or faithfulness to oneself and others. Other important Confucian virtues include righteousness, propriety, integrity, and filial piety. It is in this light that thoughts of Confucius can so la rgely affect all facets of life. Confucianism can affect and determine the ethical viewpoints of entire nations. The ideal social structure of East Asia was that of a Confucian hierarchy followed individually by a strong familial structure. Chinese society was modeled in a true Confucian structure with governmental workers being the elite, followed by the crop producing farmers, then the merchants, and finally soldiers. Chinese ethics place an enormous emphasis upon respect. It was my understanding from discussion and research that a Confucian society is primarily based on honor and the ideology that everything is done in the best interests of the family or society. Confucius states in the first article of his constitution that: â€Å"Harmony should be held a treasure, and the person who eschews selfish opposition should receive honor† (East Asia, pg. 64 from last year). This was the case in the book Thousand Pieces of Gold when a young girl named Lulu virtually sacrifices her entire life for the greater good .

Incident 2 Organizational Behavior Essay

Mental Ability We know people with higher levels of mental ability are able to process information more quickly, solve problems more accurately, and learn faster, so you might expect them also to be less susceptible to common deci- sion errors. However, mental ability appears to help people avoid only some of these. 74 Smart people are just as likely to fall prey to anchoring, overconfidence, and escalation of commitment, probably because just being smart doesn’t alert you to the possibility you’re too confident or emotionally defensive. That doesn’t mean intelligence never matters. Once warned about decision-making errors, more intelligent people learn more quickly to avoid them. They are also better able to avoid logical errors like false syllogisms or incorrect interpretation of data. Cultural Differences The rational model makes no acknowledgment of cultural differences, nor does the bulk of OB research literature on decision making. But Indonesians, for instance, don’t necessarily make decisions the same way Australians do. Therefore, we need to recognize that the cultural background of a decision maker can significantly influence the selection of problems, the depth of analysis, the importance placed on logic and rationality, and whether organizational decisions should be made autocratically by an individual man- ager or collectively in groups. 75 Cultures differ in their time orientation, the importance of rationality, their belief in the ability of people to solve problems, and their preference for col- lective decision making. Differences in time orientation help us understand why managers in Egypt make decisions at a much slower and more deliberate pace than their U.S. counterparts. While rationality is valued in North America, that’s not true elsewhere in the world.

Absolutism in Europe

Many countries in Europe experienced hardships in the year 1500s due to a lot of ideologies that led to reforms and freedom of the populace form peasantry. Such reformation also embodied the equality among common masses and the continuous spreading of protection of rights for every people in a particular country. As this philosophy continued to flourish in Europe, more conflict began to arise by the common people to be able to claim and fight for that rights they want. In addition to that, countries like France, England, and Germany also suffered from struggles due to the political breakdown in their lands. Because of that, many sought ways on how to improve the situation in their country and all of these efforts led to the decision of having a single ruler to govern over the land. This also meant the denial of such rights claimed by the common people like freedom from forced labor and land ownerships. Absolutism is defined as a type of government where the full power resides solely in the monarchial rule or the corresponding King of a country. This principle is based on the heavenly right of a ruler to govern a country and that this person should not be queried or challenged. According to this belief, the kingship was given to a person by God, therefore, no one should go against the will of God. With respect to the natural law, the end study still resulted to absolutism. Moreover, while absolutism provides great power on the monarch leader, they still have to maintain good relationship with the aristocrats and other nobles in the country. Members of the aristocracy played a major role in maintaining the rule of king in its good condition. These people supported the ruler by leading the armies of the land against rebels and insurgencies. On the contrary, these nobles can also dispute the authority of the single ruler, making its government shaky. France is a good example of an absolute type of government. Under this government, the political power of France was centered on the kingship and all control over military, taxation and other state affairs is in the hand of the king. However, such control is still fragile because the king should maintain good standing with the other nobles and aristocrats and should maintain a standing army to preserve his rule. With France, King Henry IV laid policies that further strengthened the monarchial rule over the French territory which in turn, provided benefits on the public. In addition to that, King Henry also acquired the services of religious ministers to establish an improved management and as a result, many structures were built that further improved the lives of the people. Conversely, rebellions emerged when higher taxation was imposed by the French ministers, and this made the government weaker and its influence limited. The uprising was led by other aristocrats that defied the orders of the king to collect dues that were beyond the normal taxation. As a result, compromises were made between the two parties to restore peace in France. In countries like Austria and Prussia, absolutism is said to be very effective and was less challenged by wars or rebellions by its citizens and nobles. When the Ottoman Empire attempted to conquer nations like Austria, the nobles joined together that eventually led to the defeat of the Turkish armies. As a result, the authoritarian rule of the present leader on that country was further supported by the people of Austria. The same happened in Prussia when wars continued to plagued the nation and the leader of this country emerged to have saved the country over the possible hardships that â€Å"war defeat† might bring to them. The war also weakened  Ã‚   the power of the nobles who antagonize the Prussian government at that time. In Russia, absolutism was developed and can be traced back when Russia then was conquered by the Mongolian army. The Mongol leader made the people of Russia suffer and even imposed huge taxes against the people. The Mongol leader also appointed Russian nobles to do the tax collection job over the Russian cities which eventually turned against them. When the Russian nobles already gained much resources and support from the populace, they started to revolt against the Mongol rule over their country. When they finally beat their enemies, the ruler of Russia justified the need of absolutism in their country to further strengthen the defense of Russia over its enemies. The tsar also improved the structures of the Russian country like the St. Petersburgh construction. The distinctiveness of absolutism that was in eastern part of Europe by the year 1600s was significantly unusual from that of nations like Spain and France in the western side of the continent. Eastern Europe was able to recover from the stage of scarcity and malady in the 1300s in a diverse way. On the other hand, when population levels in the countries in the western part of Europe were small and there was a lack of manual labor in the medieval era, the peasants were able to attain greater liberty from the said limits occurred in the feudalism epoch. Conversely, in Eastern Europe the landlords and the aristocrats were still clever to constrict the peasants on their lives and as a result, weaken their struggle for freedom. A valid hypothesis for that scenario is that this might happened because those rulers in places in the western part of Europe were much more prominent than in the Eastern towns for the reason that of extensive commercial revolution that happened in the West. These towns gave a substitute and usually a sanctuary for the masses that were not in their original land. Additionally, monarchies in the western part of the continent frequently seen by the populace to protect them from their enemies who would want to plunder their land. The policies made by these rulers were also for the ordinary public to be protected from mistreatment of those who are in the noble families. There are three known countries with powerful kingdoms and these are Prussia, Austria and Russia. All of these nations proved to their citizens the worth of having a single ruler to oversee the whole kingdom and toe welfare of the entire public. They also provided protections for the people who were vulnerable from their enemies like barbarians and other nomadic groups. On the other hand, landlords in the eastern part applied pressures to the peasants to produce goods for other nations rather than for their own spending. As such, the populace was not satisfied with the rule of their landlords in the east, thus, adding mistrust on the kingship of the rulers in the Eastern Europe. In addition to that, there was limited growth in the population in the Eastern Europe and as a result, nobles easily dominated these lands. The rulers perpetually received support from the aristocrats and letting them a liberated life in controlling their own populace. References Absolute Monarchy and Enlightened Absolutism. Retrieved on Feb 25, 2009. Retrieved from Absolutism. Retrieved on Feb 26, 2009. Retrieved from Reign of Louis XIV. Retrieved on February 26, 2009. Retrieved from

Nativism essays

Nativism essays Nativism is a dangerous idea. It keeps people from bring free and deprives them of there god given rights secured by the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. An example of this is in The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti. In this incident two men (both foreigners form Italy) for a crime that was never proven that they did. They went through court and not once did they ever receive a fair trial. They were later put to death. All of this was probably due to nativism activists and their non-open minded and very opinionated ideas. This alone is proof that the nativism activists back in the day were racist and only wanted to have America for the Americans. Other incidents of nativism are when people are believe or think that foreigners are lower races and that they could not be woven into the fabric of there society. There were even laws that were made just to keep foreigners out of the country, and laws that made it possible for them to be deported if people thought that they might be dangerous. An example of this would be the Alien and Sedition Acts, which gave the president power to exclude or deport any foreigners that was believed to be dangerous. This also gave him power to send any one to court for whatever reason. Nativism has been going on sense America was founded up tell now. Lists of well-known nativism acts are The Protestant Crusades of the 1830s, Chinese Exclusion of 1878-89, and the English only movement in the 1980s. And there is even nativism in the 90s, which started, when Americans wanted to maintain their culture. Lots of problems led people to believe that immigrants were the problem, which led to anti-immigrant mindsets. Its hard to believe that some people out there just dont want foreigners here, be it because of there race or that they just dont like them. ...

The Usual Suspects essays

The Usual Suspects essays The movie begins with a ship believed to have $91 million worth of drug money blowing up on a San Pedro pier ending up with 27 dead bodies. Miraculously there were two survivors, a severely burned and very scared Hungarian terrorist and Roger "Verbal" Kint (Kevin Spacey), a crippled con-man. Verbal is brought in to the police station for interrogation. He starts to tell how he got there and it all begins 6 weeks earlier when he and four other criminals are brought in for a line-up concerning a hijacked truck loaded with gun parts. The police don't have much evidence but the five are held together in the same cell for one night. They don't know each other, the only thing they have in common is that they are all suspects, and as they sit there waiting to be charged or released they all agree to make a heist together. As the story continue it becomes more and more clear that they have one more thing in common...Keyzer Soze, a name that brings fear and terror even to the most cold bloode d criminal. The only one believed to be able to identify Keyzer Soze is the burned hospitalized Hungarian terrorist. This is so far my all-time favorite movie. Kevin Spacey is just such a splendid actor and the character he plays in The Usual Suspects fits him just like a favorite pair of old slippers. The other actors do their parts really good too of course (Gabriel Byrne, Stephen Baldwin, Kevin Pollak, Benicio Del Toro, Chazz Palminteri). This is a movie that can make people not biting their nails start doing it, so if you haven't seen this masterpiece yet do it now! ...

Terms About Courts and the Judicial System

Terms About Courts and the Judicial System Terms About Courts and the Judicial System Terms About Courts and the Judicial System By Mark Nichol As with any government sector, the US judicial system is ruled by specific nomenclature that distinguishes one type of court from another, as well as other points of style: The US Supreme Court US can be spelled out, but there’s no need to do so should be designated as such, with the initials for â€Å"United States,† to distinguish it from state supreme courts even if only the federal court is mentioned. In subsequent references, it can be identified simply as â€Å"the Supreme Court† or even â€Å"the Court.† (Though court is usually lowercased in generic usage, the word is often capitalized in reference to the highest court in the land.) Although a state Supreme Court is generally so designated in local media, in publications with more widespread circulation â€Å"the California Supreme Court† (or â€Å"California’s state Supreme Court†), for example, is preferred. Not all equivalent judicial bodies, however, are so designated; variations include â€Å"Court of Appeals,† â€Å"District Court,† â€Å"Circuit Court,† â€Å"Superior Court,† and Court of Common Pleas.† Regional appellate courts are informally called, for instance, â€Å"the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals,† but it’s better to use the formal title in this case, â€Å"The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.† Formal names of district courts follow this form: â€Å"U.S. District Court for the Central District of California†; their subunits are divisions whose varying names are capitalized, as in â€Å"Eastern Division.† Names of court cases are italicized, and versus is abbreviated with a v followed by a period: Brown v. Board of Education. The judicial system is also known by the terms judiciary and, seldom, judicature. The function of the judicial branch of government is to interpret and apply law, as well as ensure equal justice under the law; the legislative system makes laws, and the executive branch enforces them. The head of the U.S. Supreme Court is designated the chief justice; this job title is capitalized before that person’s name, but a generic identification, even after the person’s name, is â€Å"chief justice of the United States.† All other members of the Court are called associate justices; this title is also initial-capped before a name. A judge is identified by that job title, as in â€Å"Judge John Doe,† but remember that when a job title is preceded by a qualifying term, the job title becomes part of a description and is no longer capitalized: â€Å"retired judge John Doe,† â€Å"appellate court judge Mary Smith.† And how do you write the form of direct address of a judge? â€Å"Thank you, Your Honor,† equivalent to usage for other civil titles â€Å"One more question, Mr. President†; â€Å"Please have a seat, Senator.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a Sentence5 Brainstorming Strategies for WritersPunctuation Is Powerful

Situation analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Situation analysis - Essay Example Coffee for instance requires electricity to heat. Electricity may be produced from various sources and one of them is through fossil fuel. The US remains heavily dependent on fossil fuels for many years (Musial 10). It is recorded that 41 percent of the world’s man-made burn carbon dioxide comes from the burning of fossil fuels for generating electricity in the United States (Rodger 11). This means that at some point, fossil fuel is a necessity in the United States to produce electricity so that there is something that can be tapped for industrial use. In today’s modern world electricity finds its use in food preparation. For instance, coffee needs to be heated with electricity. It is better tasting when it is hot. In the United States, a cup of coffee is one of the most popular adult beverages in the country to have in a day. For some people, a cup of hot coffee in the morning completes their day. The United States is said to be the largest consumer of coffee (Hufbauer and Schott 301). The country is also known for its industry on retail specialty coffee beverage which was able to hit $3 billion sales and even higher in the mid of 1990’s (Clay 81). Since then, the industry continued to achieve an upward spiraling growth performance leading to more innovation in the coffee industry. One of its latest innovations is the Solar System Coffee Mug. This specifically implies that the market opportunity for coffee in the country is promising provided that there is a good investment plan for it. This means that investors in the first place need to understand the fact that there is already a promising market but it is up to them how they could acquire specific market share for their product offering. Strategically speaking, there is a need to differentiate their offerings in order to stand a cut above the other. However, this requires the right information and at some point, a good innovative approach is necessary. Understanding the market may be one

Chemical Castration of Pedophiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 19500 words

Chemical Castration of Pedophiles - Essay Example There is considerÐ °ble clinicÐ °l reseÐ °rch focusing on violent sexuÐ °l offenders, including child molesters. The relÐ °tionship of T to Ð °ggressive sexuÐ °l behÐ °vior in men hÐ °s Ð °lso been extensively reseÐ °rched Ð °nd some studies hÐ °ve shown positive correlÐ °tions between plÐ °smÐ ° T levels Ð °nd sexuÐ °l Ð °ggression. The chemicÐ °l cÐ °strÐ °tion treÐ °tment of sexuÐ °l offenders is Ð ° chemicÐ °l method of reducing the sexuÐ °l drive Ð °nd consequently Ð °ffecting the sexuÐ °l behÐ °vior of sexuÐ °l offenders. It hÐ °s been Ð °ssumed thÐ °t the direction of sexuÐ °l drive wÐ °s unÐ °ffected. Recent work with cyproterone Ð °cetÐ °te (CHEMICÐ L CÐ STRÐ TION) showed differentiÐ °l effects on sexuÐ °l Ð °rousÐ °l pÐ °tterns with Ð ° reduction of pedophilic sexuÐ °l Ð °rousÐ °l but less effect on the sexuÐ °l Ð °rousÐ °l to Ð °dult mutuÐ °lly consenting heterosexuÐ °l intercourse. Cyproterone Ð °cetÐ °te hÐ °s chemicÐ °l cÐ °strÐ °tionic, Ð °ntigonÐ °drotropic, Ð °nd progestÐ °tionÐ °l effects (LiÐ °ng et Ð °l., 1977). Its principÐ °l mode of Ð °ction is on the Ð °ndrogen receptors. CHEMICÐ L CÐ STRÐ TION blocks the intrÐ °cellulÐ °r T uptÐ °ke, the intrÐ °cellulÐ °r metÐ °bolism of the Ð °ndrogens Ð °s well Ð °s the receptor binding (MÐ °inwÐ °ring, 1977). CHEMICÐ L CÐ STRÐ TION Ð °ppeÐ °rs to hÐ °ve Ð ° mÐ °in effect on receptors thÐ °t hÐ °ve Ð ° high Ð °ffinity for dihydrotestosterone (DHT). CHEMICÐ L CÐ STRÐ TION hÐ °s both desirÐ °ble Ð °nd undesirÐ °ble side effects Ð °nd those influencing sexuÐ °l behÐ °vior Ð °re desirÐ °ble in the treÐ °tment of the pedohiliÐ °. he side effects Ð °re, to Ð ° lÐ °rge degree, dose dependent.... It is these individuls who need to be treted using chemicl pproch in ddition to cognitive behviouril therpy. Further, pedophili lone is very severe public helth problem of stggering proportions, with between 6 nd 62% of girls nd 10 to 30% of boys being the victims of sexul buse in childhood ccording to vrious studies (Peters, Wytt, & Finkelhor, 1986). Furthermore, in the United Sttes the costs of incrcerting individuls convicted of sexully busing children is stggering, with more thn two billion dollrs spent in 1990, while t the sme time there is no evidence tht the deterrence of incrcertion hs ny impct on the problem (Pithers et l., 1995). t this time, no one is certin of the cuse of pedophili nd other sexul devitions. In ddition, the ctul incidence nd prevlence of the pedohili is unknown. The level of sexul buse victimiztion of children in the generl popultion tody is firly consistent with tht reported by Kinsey (Gebhrd & Johnson, 1979). In study completed in the 1940s, 24% of 4,000 femles surveyed disclosed sexul interction with mle t lest five yers older thn them when they were 14 yers of ge or younger (Gebhrd & Johnson, 1979). Sexul intercourse occurred in 93% of cses, nd in 31% of cses there ws mild petting or fondling without involvement of the genitls. ntionl survey by the Federl Government of Cnd on sexul violence ginst children nd dolescents found tht 18.1% of children (23.5% of femles nd 12.8% of mles) were victims of childhood sexul buse. In only 20% of cses were the perpetrtors strngers, with friends, cquintnces, prents, nd other fmily members being the perpetrtors in the mjority of cses (Federl Government of Cnd, 1984). The ctul levels of the prevlence of pedophili in the generl popultion is unknown, but it

Women in 20th century America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Women in 20th century America - Essay Example Hence, the number of working women has increased since the last quarter of the 20th century. Women in 20th century America were more dedicated towards their families than they are today. In the colonial times, women would help their husbands with agricultural work, knit, sew etc. Also it was part of the mother’s job to make sure that she would effectively pass on all of her skills to her daughters so that she would in turn make a good wife/ mother. As time progressed, and the industrial revolution took place, changes occurred gradually. There were changes in methods of work, transportation etc. Consumer goods were now readily available which meant that the things that the women were required to do before were no longer required. This meant that there was more time for family. There was also a rise in perception of the people towards education and its importance. Unmarried females from the middle class got jobs and worked. More women were going for higher education. In the time of the World War II, more women got employment, whether they were married or not. In the later years, the rise in feminism in the 1960’s led women to organize for equal rights. In the 1960’s to 1970’s era there were much more women employed as ever before.

How does organizing affect suffering populations Essay

How does organizing affect suffering populations - Essay Example The power of numbers is now made obvious, although this knowledge emerged after many exercised examples were given. While there are many groups upon which the power of numbers has been a ticket to relief the three groups presented here are African American slaves, native Americans and women. The institute of slavery was a shame to say the least. Millions were killed and beaten. People starved and went naked in the deep winter’s frost. Slaves were afforded no rights and often lived their whole lives without the slightest taste of luxury. Even though they witnessed the causal lifestyles of their masters, most slaves dared not even dream of having such provisions for themselves. However, slavery was born to die. Being unjust, it could not stand for eternity. Once the slaves learned of their power, the power of their unity against the oppressor, they found the courage to stand up for themselves and fight. Of course there were the brave few who did stand up by revolting and running away, but their position in the overall freedom of all is as sparks to a forest fire. Tales of success spread throughout the slave population and they dared lift up their heads. It was when more came to believe that they came to organize themselves and wield a great dent into the mountain of their bondage. Gathered together they strengthened each other and were given the courage to fight. Fredrick Douglas had been a slave, yet he railed his people together and encouraged them. He said, â€Å"I talked to them of our want of manhood, if we submitted to our enslavement without at least one noble effort to be free† (Douglass, 1845; p.70). Such was a message that no slave had heard before. They were empowered. Yet, it was not until after such gatherings that Douglass and many other slaves were afforded their freedom. Native Americans also had their struggles. The very land in which they has built their civilizations was snatched from up under their feet. At one point they had to return to being nomads, being constantly pushed around by the ever growing new world. At the beginning of America’s establishment, Native Americans were given neither rest nor respect. They were considered heathens by the self-proclaimed righteous white men that had themselves departed from a country where they were not completely free. It took the Native Americans’ joining of forces to come to be recognized. Even today their groups are advocates for return of the land that was stolen from them. While they have not succeeded in taking over the territories that they once owned, they have received recognition from the government and were granted various benefits. Another group that found strength in numbers is women. Women have been suppressed throughout history and still there are differences made between sexes in regard to promotion, pay, and in many other areas. Women were the property of their husbands, many of them treated as slaves. The man of the house was the abs olute master. Women were not allowed to be educated or hold jobs. They could not vote or hold office. It took a revolution for women’s rights to be granted. The stories of women burning their bras in the streets are commonly known today. However, if it had been only one woman burning her bra she would have probably been labeled as one suffering from a mental illness

UNIT 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UNIT 6 - Essay Example Peterson had a right of being informed of the plans to transfer his employment contract and the ownership of the station in advance. Peterson had a right to resign if he did not intend to extend his contract to Evening news but he will not have any right to claim for redundancy or unfair dismissal pay. If the working conditions in the new employer are worse, Peterson has a right to resign and claim for unfair dismissal pay. Peterson has a right to disagree with the transfer of his employment contract to a new employer. This is when the new employer wants to change the term of the contract, which had been agreed by Peterson and the previous employer. If the employers want to change the terms of contract for the benefit of Peterson, it will be allowed. If the new employer wants to dismiss or make any redundancy for technical or an economic reason, Peterson has a right to redundancy payment. The employer should not select Peterson for redundancy because he transferred from another compa ny. (Beatty & Samuelson, 2007) Peterson has a right to enforce the contract between Post-Network and evening News because he was not considered in the transfer of the Station to Evening News yet he had signed a binding agreement with Post-Network as an employer for three years. It is not ethical for Evening News to prevent Peterson from changing job to work for the competing station because Peterson had informed them early of his plan to resign. In addition, Peterson had not entered into any contract with Evening News, as the contract was not changed during the transfer of the station. The previous employer of the transfer did not inform Peterson. Post-Network had a right to transfer the station but should have informed Peterson through a letter in advance that the station is transferred such that Peterson can decide whether to work for the new employer or not. Collateral contract is whereby parties to a contract enter in to more than two

What can we get on the web on our mobiles Is it worth having Essay

What can we get on the web on our mobiles Is it worth having - Essay Example This paper will look closely at mobile phones and internet as two aspects of modern technology. It will look into how these two technologies have changed the way we interact with one another in life. The growth in technology has revolutionized not only the way we live but in also the way we communicate. Mobile phones and internet have been one of the leading devices that have revolutionized communication technology. Communication technology has been the backbone of the current revolution in the way we live. Information and communication technology have contributed in a great way to the wave of globalization that has changed the way we interact in the world. The concept of globalization has reduced the world to a global village. In its simple definition, globalization can be simply said as reduction of distance between different parts of the world. This means that one can easily get in touch with someone in another continent same as once can get in touch with someone in the neighborho od. This has been a great achievement in life since it has affected the way people interact.As we have seen, information and communication technology have been in the forefront in enabling globalization to take root in the world. Both have enabled people to interact and communicate with one another in a much simpler way than ever before. There have been some aspects of information and communication technology that have been the most influential. ... Both are recent technology in life and they are very influential in the way we talk and communicate with one another. Apart from their initial intention of providing communication and information to people, development in technology have enabled them to be used for many other purposes in normal life and in business world. Mobile phone and internet industry in one of the rapidly growing technologies in modern life. The industry has been driven by increased use of the two technologies in life. The industry has grown in all part of the world unlike other industries which records growth only in some geographical regions where they are relevant. This means that there has been increased use of the technology in all parts of the world. Let us look at what we can get from each of the technology and evaluate how relevant is what we get from each. This will help us to dig deep in each technology and understand how it functions and how important it is to the concept of information and communication technology. Mobile phones Mobile phone can be defined as a small and portable communication device the is used by people to make phone calls in any place they are. Mobile phones receive and gives out signals with are provided through a service provider's transmitting satellites. Mobile phones have enabled people to communicate in any location they are in without limitation of time and regions. The basic concept of mobile phones is transmitting of signals. It uses radio wave theories similarly as they are used by ordinary radios. However, mobile phones uses stronger frequencies and are higher compared to those of the common radios. Mobile phone technology started in the mid twenties and the first mobile phone service was used in Sweden used

UNIT 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UNIT 6 - Essay Example Peterson had a right of being informed of the plans to transfer his employment contract and the ownership of the station in advance. Peterson had a right to resign if he did not intend to extend his contract to Evening news but he will not have any right to claim for redundancy or unfair dismissal pay. If the working conditions in the new employer are worse, Peterson has a right to resign and claim for unfair dismissal pay. Peterson has a right to disagree with the transfer of his employment contract to a new employer. This is when the new employer wants to change the term of the contract, which had been agreed by Peterson and the previous employer. If the employers want to change the terms of contract for the benefit of Peterson, it will be allowed. If the new employer wants to dismiss or make any redundancy for technical or an economic reason, Peterson has a right to redundancy payment. The employer should not select Peterson for redundancy because he transferred from another compa ny. (Beatty & Samuelson, 2007) Peterson has a right to enforce the contract between Post-Network and evening News because he was not considered in the transfer of the Station to Evening News yet he had signed a binding agreement with Post-Network as an employer for three years. It is not ethical for Evening News to prevent Peterson from changing job to work for the competing station because Peterson had informed them early of his plan to resign. In addition, Peterson had not entered into any contract with Evening News, as the contract was not changed during the transfer of the station. The previous employer of the transfer did not inform Peterson. Post-Network had a right to transfer the station but should have informed Peterson through a letter in advance that the station is transferred such that Peterson can decide whether to work for the new employer or not. Collateral contract is whereby parties to a contract enter in to more than two

The importance brunttland report conncetion with tourism and travel Research Paper

The importance brunttland report conncetion with tourism and travel agency - Research Paper Example The report on the world tourism analysis of 2007 shows the number of international travelers had to increase enormously from 25 million in 1950 to 800 million currently. Brundtland report provides some analysis and recommendations for the sustainability of developments within the societies. This paper, therefore, will be highlighting the importance of the Brundtland report in connection with the tourism and travel agency (McChesney 43). Several governments have had to meet and approve Agenda 21 and the Rio declaration. The agenda 21 had to offer some blueprint on the sustainable development, while, on the other hand, the Rio Declaration had to articulate the vital principles for the sustainable development in the 21st century. The two documents enable the governments, organizations, and industries to work towards attaining the highest levels of sustainability as the Brundtland report defines that the development meeting the needs of the present without conciliating the ability of the coming generations to meet their own needs. However, the challenge is finding the balance between the sustenance, prosperity, and the people’s desire to be stable in financial, material well being with the underlying need for community, identity, home, and religion. Tourism and travel agencies, hence, plays a significant role in bringing some balance in these forces. Tourism and travel provides the livelihoods for the urban and the rural communities. It also enhance the community relations and make up the bridges of understanding and peace between countries, in which case it is possible when there is proper planning development and management (Sigala et. al. 43). The Brundtland Report considers the tourism and travel sector as the largest in contribution of the economy in the whole world. The report reiterates the main qualitative trends that one observes in the industry through the forms of increased market segmentation, development of new forms of tourism and the influenci ng of traditional package tours. Therefore, tourism and travel sectors have had to increase the market demand in various ways, in which case it has had to contribute the social, environmental and the economic sustainability. This has been possible by proper planning and management of the pressures from growth. The preservation of the tourism product, hence, helps in securing the future for many people. Many companies have had even to create stable responsible behavior. This is by ensuring they use their product and services to educate and inform their customers. This is in response to the need to safeguarding the natural resources (Sharpley 15). Tourism and travel, if utilized effectively, will go along the way in bringing a growth and economic success in the countries, both developing and developed. There is the potential that the markets enhance lives in a sustainable structure via providing the wealth creation, innovation, competition, and choice among others. The tourism and tra vel sector have these and other elements, in which case it enables it to be a vibrant market force for the future sustainability. The sector has the probability to increase exports, boost the economies GDP, bring in capital investment, and create employments. Tourism and travel creates jobs throughout the economy, both in organizations that get to involve directly in business and in the associated supplier industries,

Scarlet Letter, Ethan from, Lesson Before Dying Essay Example for Free

Scarlet Letter, Ethan from, Lesson Before Dying Essay Many people try to escape the prison that suppresses them, but fail to because of their moral obligations to themselves and others. Edith Whartons Ethan Frome, Ernest J. Gaines A Lesson Before Dying and Nathaniel Hawthornes Scarlet Letter, portray the struggles one acquires through their own conduct. Ethan in Ethan Frome, Grant in A Lesson Before Dying and Hester in Scarlet Letter each try to elude their life dilemmas, but are hindered due to their obligations. Ethan is obligated to his wife though he loves Mattie, while Grant is obligated to his society, but wants to leave. Hester accepts her punishment but wants to be within society though they shunned her. Wharton, Gaines and Hawthorne all use various language devices to accentuate the gain of dignity and respect through moral struggle. In Ethan Frome, Wharton uses symbols and archetypes to create Ethans anguish to his moral obligation to his wife Zeena which keeps him from his true love, Mattie. His moral prison is established with the headstone of another Ethan Frome and his wife that bores that they dwelled together in peace for fifty years, which interests Ethan (Frome 66). Later on, his own neighbors dont see theres much difference between the Fromes up at the farm and the Fromes down in the graveyard (Frome 140). The symbol of the Fromes down in the graveyard establishes Ethans similarities to the dead illustrating his moral obligation to Zeena for eternity (Frome 140). When Ethan feels Zeenas presence, coincidently Zeenas grey cat [elongates] its body in the direction of the milk-jug, which stood between Ethan and Mattie (Frome 69). The cat then tries an unobserved retreat and [backs] into the red pickle-dish, which [falls] on the floor with a crash (Frome 69). The color archetypes of ? red establish Ethan and Matties love while the ? grey cat establishes Zeena who breaks their love, the dish. Ethan is always besieged by Zeena even when lacking her presence. He wants to stay with Mattie yet his obligation to his wife thwarts him from her. When Ethan and Mattie finally reach the point by his mill they descended [and] the darkness descended with them, dropping down like a black veil (Frome 125). The darkness symbolizes Ethans obligation and his moral duty to his wife (Frome 125). He cannot leave her though he scorns her because it is his morally obliged to reside by her side. Ethan who concludes to stay with the crippled and the sick gains respect out of the town and for himself by struggling with his obligation. Similar to Wharton, Gaines uses symbols and repetition to illustrate that to escape the moral prison, is to fight back and win the battle. Gaines language devices connect Grants obligation to Jefferson and to society. Grants talk with Matthew Antoine, while he was still in college, proves that a person who does not run will still be cold. [hell] always be cold (Gaines 64). The use of the symbol cold represents the fact that people who do not run will always be trapped with the cold brutality of the south (Gaines 64). When the educated do not run at the right time, they will be frozen in the south and will therefore be obliged to stay and help the rest of the frozen people. While trying to make Jefferson understand life, Grant discloses that all of us on this earth, [are] a piece of drifting wood, until we? each one of us, individually? decide to become something else. I am still that piece of drifting wood? (Gaines 193). By perceiving Grant is as a piece of drifting wood (Gaines 193). Gaines implies that Grant has still not run because he is like everyone else who is morally obligated to help one another in this disdainful society. Grant is very confounded that he seeks help from an uneducated man and tells him that [he needs him]. [He needs him] much more than [he] could ever need [Grant]. [he needs] to know what to do with [his] life (Gaines 193). The repetition of [he needs] emphasizes that Grant does not know how to complete his life. He is confined in his prison between social freedom and the freedom of others. Corresponding to Wharton and Gaines, Hawthorne uses repetition and metaphors to establish that Hester struggles to accept her consequences which she believes are just and return to a society where no one trusts her. Hester imprisons herself because she knows that [here]?  had been the scene of her guilt, and here should be the scene of her earthly punishment (Hawthorne 74). The repetition of here further emphasizes that Hester knows she deserves her punishment. Yet she does not want to live in solitude. She is morally obliged to stay away from society though she wants to go. Furthermore, Hester describes her sin, her ignominy, [as] the roots which she had struck into the soil, that the [chains] that [bind] her here [are] of iron links, and galling to her inmost soul, but [can] never be broken (Hawthorne 74). The use of metaphors illustrates that Hester morally imprisoned herself; therefore it is her moral obligation to correct herself. But she is also chained by society who has shunned her, yet it is also her duty to break the chains. But still she is a moral prisoner because she has to correct herself, but the chains can never be broken (Hawthorne 74). All Hesters attempts to rid herself of shame will only further remind her of the sin she committed. By trying to break the chains, Hester is able to gain some respect from the town knowing that she tried to redeem herself of her sin. Many people try to escape from their moral prison and yet some just accept their fate. The three novels deal with the inner conflict of each character of bringing the moral and immoral solution to their problems. The use of literary devices emphasizes the true meaning of ones struggle. It paints a realistic art show for everyone to interpret in their own way. Either one can fight the moral prison or they can accept it and try and move on with life. But to escape the imprisonment is to face the harsh reality of life.

Complexity Of Society :: essays research papers

Complexitiy of Society Showing their role in society, women in literature are often portrayed in a male dominated position. Especially in the nineteenth century, women were repressed and controlled by their husbands as well as other male influences. In "The Yellow Wallpaper", by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the protagonist is oppressed and represents the effect of the oppression of women in society. This effect is created by the use of complex symbols such as the house, the window, and the wallpaper which encourages her oppression as well as her self expression. It is customary to find the symbol of the house as representing a secure place for a woman's transformation and her release of self expression. However, in this story, the house is not her own and she does not want to be in it. It represents a prison in which she is trapped. She declares it is "haunted" and that "there is something strange about the house"(Gilman 195). Although she acknowledges the beauty of the house and especially what surrounds it, she constantly goes back to her feelings that "there is something strange about the house"(Gilman 195). Her first impression of the house almost tells you that the narrator knows of the upcoming transformation that will take place in the house while she is there. The barred window in the bedroom, is a specific characteristic of the house that symbolizes her trapped feeling in the house. Traditionally a window symbolizes the felling of a view of possibilities, but now it is a view of things she doesn't want to see. Through it she sees all that she could be and could have. But closer to the end she says "I dont like to look out of the windows even - there are so many of those creeping women, and they creep so fast"(Gilman 205). She knows she has to hide or she too will have to creep in order to be part of society and she does not want to see all the other women who have to do the same because she knows they are a reflection of herself. "Most women do not creep by daylight," means that they need to hide in the shadows; they try to move without being seen (Gilman 203).The window no longer holds as a gateway for her because of the bars holding her into her place in society. She will be controlled by man and will not be allowed to express her self. She will be forced to creep. The most important symbol in all of "The Yellow Wallpaper" is the wallpaper itself which plays a double role. Complexity Of Society :: essays research papers Complexitiy of Society Showing their role in society, women in literature are often portrayed in a male dominated position. Especially in the nineteenth century, women were repressed and controlled by their husbands as well as other male influences. In "The Yellow Wallpaper", by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the protagonist is oppressed and represents the effect of the oppression of women in society. This effect is created by the use of complex symbols such as the house, the window, and the wallpaper which encourages her oppression as well as her self expression. It is customary to find the symbol of the house as representing a secure place for a woman's transformation and her release of self expression. However, in this story, the house is not her own and she does not want to be in it. It represents a prison in which she is trapped. She declares it is "haunted" and that "there is something strange about the house"(Gilman 195). Although she acknowledges the beauty of the house and especially what surrounds it, she constantly goes back to her feelings that "there is something strange about the house"(Gilman 195). Her first impression of the house almost tells you that the narrator knows of the upcoming transformation that will take place in the house while she is there. The barred window in the bedroom, is a specific characteristic of the house that symbolizes her trapped feeling in the house. Traditionally a window symbolizes the felling of a view of possibilities, but now it is a view of things she doesn't want to see. Through it she sees all that she could be and could have. But closer to the end she says "I dont like to look out of the windows even - there are so many of those creeping women, and they creep so fast"(Gilman 205). She knows she has to hide or she too will have to creep in order to be part of society and she does not want to see all the other women who have to do the same because she knows they are a reflection of herself. "Most women do not creep by daylight," means that they need to hide in the shadows; they try to move without being seen (Gilman 203).The window no longer holds as a gateway for her because of the bars holding her into her place in society. She will be controlled by man and will not be allowed to express her self. She will be forced to creep. The most important symbol in all of "The Yellow Wallpaper" is the wallpaper itself which plays a double role.

Al Capone Biography Essay -- Biography

â€Å"When I sell liquor, they call it bootlegging. When my patrons serve it on silver trays on Lake Shore Drive, they call it hospitality.†-Al Capone [Woog, 25] Al Capone was one of the most notorious gangsters during the 1920’s. He was a self-made business man. He had a ready smile and a quick handshake, which if you did not play your cards right, could turn out to be fatal. It took 500 gangland murders to make Capone the boss of Chicago. He was public enemy number one. Capone single handedly gave Chicago the nickname â€Å"The Lawless City.† Alphonse Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York, on January 17, 1899. He grew up in a very rough neighborhood and became a part of two gangs during this time. He was a very bright kid, yet he quit school in the sixth grade at age fourteen. He worked several jobs, such as a clerk at a candy store and a pin boy at a bowling alley, in between scams. After a while he became part of the well known Five Points gang and worked for the fellow gangsters. While he was working one night as a bouncer at the Harvard Inn, he insulted a patron and her brother attacked Capone leaving him with his infamous facial scars which later gave him his nickname â€Å"Scarface.† In 1918, Capone met a girl named Mary Coughlin who gave birth to their son Albert "Sonny" Francis. Coughlin and Capone married later that year. He was first arrested on a disorderly conduct charge while working for fellow gangster Frankie Yale. At this time he also murdered two men to prove his willingness to kill, but he was not tried because of the gangland etiquette of â€Å"silence.† Capone was let off of all charges due to lack of proof. After Capone hospitalized a rival gang member, Yale sent him to Chicago until things blew over. He arrived there in 1919. When Capone settled into Chicago, Yale sent him to work for his old mentor, John Torrio. Once Torrio realized Capone’s potential, he took him under his wing and let Capone become his partner in the bootlegging business. By 1922, Capone was Torrio’s number two man and was his partner in everything. Torrio was shot by rival gang members and forced to leave Chicago, so naturally Capone made himself boss. Capone was well liked and trusted by his men and soon called â€Å"The Big Fellow.† He quickly prove... ...Likeville, MN: Northstar Maschek Books, 1987 †¢ Esslinger, Michael. â€Å"Al (Scarface) Capone†. Alcatraz History. 1pp. 17 March. 2005 /. †¢ Famous Cases: Alphonse Capone. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 3pp. 5 March. 2005 . †¢ Goldfarb, Joel. â€Å"Capone†. Encyclopedia of World Biography. 1993 †¢ Helmer, William J. â€Å"Al Capone†. World Book Encyclopedia. 2005 †¢ Landesco, John. Organized crime in Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968. †¢ Paton, John, et al., eds. Crimes and Punishment Vol. 2 New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1986. †¢ Waller, Irle. Chicago Uncensored: Firsthand Stories About the Al Capone Era. New York: Exposition Press, 1965. †¢ Woog, Adam. Gangsters. San Diego: Lucent Books, 1953. 25-35 Al Capone Biography Essay -- Biography â€Å"When I sell liquor, they call it bootlegging. When my patrons serve it on silver trays on Lake Shore Drive, they call it hospitality.†-Al Capone [Woog, 25] Al Capone was one of the most notorious gangsters during the 1920’s. He was a self-made business man. He had a ready smile and a quick handshake, which if you did not play your cards right, could turn out to be fatal. It took 500 gangland murders to make Capone the boss of Chicago. He was public enemy number one. Capone single handedly gave Chicago the nickname â€Å"The Lawless City.† Alphonse Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York, on January 17, 1899. He grew up in a very rough neighborhood and became a part of two gangs during this time. He was a very bright kid, yet he quit school in the sixth grade at age fourteen. He worked several jobs, such as a clerk at a candy store and a pin boy at a bowling alley, in between scams. After a while he became part of the well known Five Points gang and worked for the fellow gangsters. While he was working one night as a bouncer at the Harvard Inn, he insulted a patron and her brother attacked Capone leaving him with his infamous facial scars which later gave him his nickname â€Å"Scarface.† In 1918, Capone met a girl named Mary Coughlin who gave birth to their son Albert "Sonny" Francis. Coughlin and Capone married later that year. He was first arrested on a disorderly conduct charge while working for fellow gangster Frankie Yale. At this time he also murdered two men to prove his willingness to kill, but he was not tried because of the gangland etiquette of â€Å"silence.† Capone was let off of all charges due to lack of proof. After Capone hospitalized a rival gang member, Yale sent him to Chicago until things blew over. He arrived there in 1919. When Capone settled into Chicago, Yale sent him to work for his old mentor, John Torrio. Once Torrio realized Capone’s potential, he took him under his wing and let Capone become his partner in the bootlegging business. By 1922, Capone was Torrio’s number two man and was his partner in everything. Torrio was shot by rival gang members and forced to leave Chicago, so naturally Capone made himself boss. Capone was well liked and trusted by his men and soon called â€Å"The Big Fellow.† He quickly prove... ...Likeville, MN: Northstar Maschek Books, 1987 †¢ Esslinger, Michael. â€Å"Al (Scarface) Capone†. Alcatraz History. 1pp. 17 March. 2005 /. †¢ Famous Cases: Alphonse Capone. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 3pp. 5 March. 2005 . †¢ Goldfarb, Joel. â€Å"Capone†. Encyclopedia of World Biography. 1993 †¢ Helmer, William J. â€Å"Al Capone†. World Book Encyclopedia. 2005 †¢ Landesco, John. Organized crime in Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968. †¢ Paton, John, et al., eds. Crimes and Punishment Vol. 2 New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1986. †¢ Waller, Irle. Chicago Uncensored: Firsthand Stories About the Al Capone Era. New York: Exposition Press, 1965. †¢ Woog, Adam. Gangsters. San Diego: Lucent Books, 1953. 25-35

Pros and Cons School Uniforms Essay

In the many schools around the world, whether it being public or private, to elementary to high schools, no matter what kind of schools, they are all eligible for acquiring school uniforms. School uniforms can have a positive impact on the school by changing the factors that cause problems among the students. By having school uniforms mandatory, many changes of a student’s behavior can change. For example, when students are obligated to wear uniforms, they would have better attendance and less verbal abuse with other classmates. But on the other hand, it can also have a negative impacts on a student’s individuality and esteem which can affect their emotion and atmosphere around school. It is a great idea to implement a system on school uniforms because of the positive outcomes that are received. Some of the good outputs that are better grades, little to no harassments, better a attendance record, and more as well. To start of with the positive effects of school uniforms, one of the advantages to wearing school uniforms, is that it can contribute to improved attendance. In the morning, children have a hard time waking up due to the earliness in which they are obligated to do so. This focus can be reached towards the females. This really makes an impact on girls. Girls spend more time than guys on apparel. Girls have more sense of details when it comes to fashion and find it more important to boost their self-esteem. This can be time consuming in the morning if they do not wake up early enough to plan out their outfits. In my experience, every morning I spend at least twenty minutes or more on picking out clothes I would wear to school. It is because, I have such a variety of clothing that makes it hard to choose from what I want. Since girls have vast amounts of clothing than guys, it makes it harder to choose outfits in the morning, therefore time has collapsed when it could have been used to eat breakfast or get onto the bus for school. In Long Beach Unified School District, located in Long Beach California, have seen improvement in school attendance. The district has school uniforms mandatory for the children who attend the schools in the Long Beach district. The elementary schools in the district, have exceeded successful attendance. The percentage of improved attendance has increased up to 94.8 percent since 1994, and as years has passed by until now, the uniforms has been almost fulfilled almost perfect attendance. It didn’t start out with the whole district acquiring school uniforms. It all started from one elementary school using the apparel. When the school started gaining great attendance, other schools in the same district thought it would reach great potential for their school. As you can see, when your outfits are planned each day without having to think about it, you can save time each morning. It will take as little as five minutes to put on the unif orm, thus preventing tardies and giving improved attendance. Second of all, by involving school uniforms into the system, it can help prevent drama, harassment, and verbal abuse, and sexual offense among the student body. In the Long Beach district, it was proven that assault in grades, kindergarten through eighth grades was dropped down eighty-five percent. Fighting has also been be dropped by thirty-eight percent. Sex offenses has declined by ninety-six percent. All the reduction to improved behavior of students, come from the school uniforms. When people have the right to choose their own clothing, they show how they want to express themselves. The individuality of students differentiate between each student, and not everyone will like everybody else’s clothing. Other students will often pick on each other, especially the younger group of children, will humor themselves because of other children’s appearances. Not everybody has the kindness and altruistic inside them, which can cause them to do unsympathetic actions that can h urt one another. Verbal abuse can cause hurt feelings, when it has to do with their own originality. A student’s expression through their clothes can help build confidence in themselves until someone turns them down because they do not like the clothing. Some clothing to others, make people vulnerable to harass students by bullying as well. By the clothing they wear, it can also show their personality. Sexual offenses have also been reduced because school uniforms can make people less attractive. With the proper clothing, such as tucked in shirts, to slacks and khakis, there will be less exposed skin. Males tend to often get attracted and urge to harass females that have that kind of appearance. With the help of school uniforms, everybody will look the same, so it would be harder to tease or abuse other children in school. Another positive aspect of school uniforms, less criminal activities take place. Stolen items, especially clothing, are caused by the jealousy of others. Not everybody can get what they desire in clothing because of the expenses. When people do not have the diligence to go out and purchase their own belongings, stolen items will occur. Many people will own some of the fanciest apparel that can catch many eyes, and a majority of that group probably cannot afford it. Clothes can be easily taken from lockers, and students know how to hack into lockers of students, especially during gym class. When students have a gym class, they are required to change out of their casual clothing, into gym clothes that are required for activities that take place during gym such as running, sports, and more that can cause students to sweat large amounts, and that would be very uncomfortable to do with jeans and other hard-to-move-in clothing. It is much easier to rob clothing during gym periods because t he locker rooms are not guarded or watched by anybody most of the time.When people know the fact that the locker rooms are unattended, that gives kids great opportunities to snatch whatever they can get. Another decline in criminal activities, are gangs. The clothing of how people express how they are and how their personality can show through their clothing. With the violent looking apparel, it can really contribute to one’s action. It is most likely, that with the people without the disciplined clothing, do not have a strong bond with the family that could really make a difference to them. With the lack of family orientation, kids will follow under the influence that others will do as well as clothing. With the ability of actions of what gangs can do, it can create a bad atmosphere in the school with vandalism and theft as well. School property could be damaged and abused by gangs. Once uniforms becomes a policy into the school system, parents would get involved with their children because of the purchasing of the uniforms. The reduction of all these incidents has reduced sixty-nine percent. It could help parents connect with their children by getting them involved with their education. Once parents can see the difference when school uniforms are being used in the school, they could show more appreciation for the kids, by having their kids go to school above the influence. Criminal activity can decline with school uniforms, maybe not at its full potential, but with the help of the school clothing it can make a difference by disciplining children to produce a better community in the school. Furthermore, school uniforms can present improvement in students academically. With the distractions of what clothing can do, it can disrupt student’s education. The distraction of everybody’s individuality, everybody will have different expression of clothing, which can take mind off of classwork and homework. This can be a big deal for females. Society has made an impact of the minds that dressing nice to school can make you look favored and desired to attract others for attention. Females may take up their studying time to go shopping that can take hours looking for the clothes that can make them look attractive. This can happen several times in a week or month, and most of that time could have been made up with studying to prepare for tests that makes up a majority of a grade in a class. Females may even take the time to make others jealous or to attract a certain someone they would want to amuse. Even on the other side, males could be distracted as well. Males can be distracted by the females with their overexposed outfits. When females show too much skin, males will have the urge to take a glance or check. This can often have males focus on girls rather than their education. In a survey, teachers have believed that kids are pressured on other students as well to getting name brand clothing so they could be accepted. Ninety percent of the teacher population in Long Beach district has believed so. This is very common for kids in schools, and the distractions should be eliminated. Incorporating assigned school apparel into the school, females can spend less time shopping and browsing for clothes that they would want to wear everyday at school. To add on to the productive reasonings, school uniforms can also improve student’s behavior. From what was stated above, all of that contributes to all individuals at schools to upgrade their manners and actions. Their behavior in school has gotten students to focus more in their education. Many factors can supply for the positive attitude that people can have with school uniforms. Without the violence, distractions, harassment, and other types of influences that are negative. Teachers believe that it it can help students become more mature by ninety-five percent. By raising the maturity level, it can bring less problems to the school making it run smoothly. Having a positive attitude in school can also reduce the trouble that students get into. For example, all the fights, vandalizing, or any other actions students can make can lead them a path to suspensions. Suspensions are caused by the negative attitudes students tend to have. Suspension rates have been dropped by ninety percent. The actions they do to create a problem to get suspended can really depend on how you think and how positive it can be. A positive behavior in school can save trouble, and school uniforms can really contribute to this conclusion. On the other hand, school uniforms can be kind of a down turn as well. The major con to school uniforms, is that can hinder and stifle individual’s self expression and creativity they could show in their clothes. Although it can raise the best in students such as achieving better grades, creating less drama within the students, or even reducing the violence that take place during school. Students do not find school uniforms attractive and most likely, they will not find the uniforms attractive. School uniforms never seem to look attractive anyways. The main point is, that it can limit to showing their self identity and that is important to many of the students out there because this is also how people can find their friends. When people can see other people’s clothing, they can make general infer to see if they are compatible to be friends. Another reason being, when people can show their individuality, it can boost peoples’ happiness by a lot, and that can very much change a person’s mood. Most people can picture having to pick their own clothing as art because you can choose what clothing can go together to make a certain outfit unique that could fulfill your desire. Parents like how they can see that their kids can express themselves through clothing because it can help them understand how they feel from day to day. When people can express through their clothing you can tell how they are feeling. Most of the time, if kids dress nice all the time, they usually would have a high spirit with joy to going to school. Then if suddenly they dress the opposite sometimes, you can probably get a lot of things out of it. You can probably see that their mood affected how they chose their outfits. Seeing how everybody expresses themselves, can also show that they also have a little freedom in school since they are trapped all day from school. Student’s need some type of liberty while attending school to balance with the strict rules that a school can have. With this type of freedom by expressing yourself through clothing can have a big effect on how you act upon yourself in a positive way. Second thought to the negative side is that school uniforms can get pricey. The school, or someone in the community would have to design the uniforms and assign them to each student in the school. Everybody in the school do not own the same amount of money, so this can be trouble to some families out there. Some families out there would not have a problem paying for several uniforms to wear each day of the week. Each uniform can be expensive enough just for one uniform, but to multiply it by however many days there are in a week can add up to a pretty high number. Other families may not be able to afford it. This may create a problem to certain families without the money to be able to purchase the uniforms. The student’s parents may have to work extra, but other things may get in the way to prevent the opportunity to gain more money. With this problem, when a school does not have school uniforms, some families can save a lot of money by buying cheaper clothes for their childre n, and use their money on other important things like food, books, or anything else that may be important. Having uniforms in school, especially if they are adding it now and never did from the beginning, can cause a lot of money problems to some families out there. School uniforms can also cause a bad reputation for the school that they are attending. Not all students will often behave with the changes of clothes, so they will end up to trouble. Whether it being before school, during lunch, or after school when they are able to leave the campus, they have their uniforms on. Going out into the public with your uniform will let others know what school you attend. If students are out caught doing something repulsive or anything unacceptable, this can give the school a bad reputation. This will also cause the prevention of parents wanting to enroll their own kids into that school. When a school has a bad reputation due to their student’s behavior and actions, less people will want their children attending the school, and even students from that school will leave and attend another school with a good reputation to get a better education. School uniforms can very much make a difference. When a school has school uniforms, students must be at their all time best behavior when they are off campus. They must be able to represent their school in a positive way, so that the school can get credited for the excellent behavior, and draw in students who would be attending the school in the future. Although school uniforms may have negative features to a students life in school, they are able to change their actions to prevent the negative features. Eliminating a person’s individuality isn’t always true, because there are weekends when students do not attend school, and that is when they can compensate for their right to being able to express their individuality and creativity. The important thing is that students are preparing their futures that could benefit them. With the high grades, to studying, and with less distractions, students can go to school with a purpose. Less competition between others will create an environment in which all students can become a greater person. School uniforms can very much discipline students into having a better and positive attitude and that can contribute for a much better future they could achieve.

High School and Kyle

Being rich, famous and good looking has its up and downs. Kyle Kingsbury is a high school student who is currently in the ninth grade at Tuttle. He has the total package he has blonde hair blue eyes, he is good looking, tall, and rich. Kyle is the most popular boy at his high school. He is very rude to people that he considered were ugly. In his mind he thought that no ugly people should have a conversation with him. Kendra Hilferty decided to teach Kyle a lesson by punishing him for being rude to people. Kendra cast a spell on Kyle. The spell turned Kyle into an ugly hairy beast. This spell would last for two years. Kyle had to find someone who loved him for his personality because he now looks like a beast. She must also prove her love through a kiss to break the spell. He would not be able to use his money or his good looks to help him out in this situation. If Kyle does not find someone to love him for his personality within two years he would live a beast for the rest of his life. Kyle appearances as a beast are just as they seem. He walks upright almost as if he were a human. His teeth are now fangs. His fingers were now claws. Kyle hair was all over his body. I can’t touch Kyle in person, but I imagine that he would feel like a furry dog or monkey. Kyle voice became deeper as a beast. He would roar from time to time when he became upset. He would more than likely to have the smell of an animal such as a dog, monkey, or bear. I wouldn’t know what he taste like because he is a human beast that is not edible. Kyle would be treated differently as a beast because he was ugly and hairy. Most people wouldn’t want anything to do with him. They would be afraid of how big he was. His own father disowned him so you could imagine what a stranger would do for him. This spell will teach Kyle not to go around treating people differently just because they looked different, didn’t have any money, or didn’t fit into the particular popular crowd. Kyle is a young man that thinks that the world revolves around him. He was rich, good looking, and popular. He did not associate with people who he thought was ugly. He was rude to people on a regular basis. Kendra thought she would teach Kyle a lesson by casting a spell on him to turn him into a beast. He would now see and know firsthand what it feels like to be ugly and unpopular.

University of Phoenix Material Essay

Epistemology is the investigation into the grounds and nature of knowledge. Found in the 1800’s From Old Greece forward, Plato, Socrates, and developmental ideas. Rationalism means the knowledge can be acquired through the use of reason and empiricism is obtained through experience. Externalism, empiricism, constructivism, and etc. Rene Descartes Immanuel Kant Aristotle Plato Locke Berkeley Spinoza The kind of knowledge of how can we know what we know, the reason why? How is knowledge got? Metaphysics Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and fundamental properties of being. Idea owed to Aristotle. In Greece Realism Idealism Materialism Dualism Monism Aristotle Aquinas Locke Kant Plato Berkeley Hobbes Descartes Leibniz Spinoza What is being? What are its fundamental features and properties? Is there a God? Do people really have free will? Moral Moral is the philosophical study of moral judgments and value judgments about what is virtuous, just or unjust, morally right or wrong and etc. It is the area of philosophy concerned with how we should live our lives. Idea owed to the Sophists. In Greece, forward to Socrates, Plato Skepticism Relativism Subjectivism Egoism Hedonism Epicureanism Stoicism Plato Aesara Aristotle Aquinas Berkeley Hobbes Hume Kant Moore What is being a moral? What is moral judgment? What is good or evil? Social Social is the philosophical study of society and its institutions. Greece Individualism Criticism Modernism Postmodernism Marx Hegel Who gets what? Political Political seeks to find the best form of political existence, it is concerned with determining the states right to exist and ethically proper organization. Greece Communism Marxism Anarchism Liberalism Capitalism Utilitarianism Plato Aristotle Augustine Aquinas Hobbes Locke Taylor Mill Smith Marx Berkeley Ought all people equal in freedom? Ought all people equal in citizenship? Should there be a state? Structuralism Structuralism is a methodology that seeks to find the underlying rules and conventions governing large social systems such as language or cultural mythology. Greece Structuralism Poststructuralism Criticism Fuctionalism Mauss Jakobson Saussure Derrida Kant Hobbes Berkeley Locke Is it trus? Deconstruction Deconstruction is a form of semiotic analysis, derived mainly from French philosopher Jacques 1967 work of Grammology. Greece Criticism Deconstructionism Structuralism Logocentrism Berkeley Locke Hobbes Hume Eastern Greece Plato Hobbes Berkeley Hume Kant Postcolonial Feminism Feminist philosophy refers to philosophy approached from a feminist perspective. Feminist philosophy involves both attempts to use the methods of philosophy to further the cause of the feminist movements Greece Directions: Complete the entire matrix and then write a 350- to 500-word response for each of the following questions: What is one example of how the global integration of cultures has affected contemporary philosophical thinking? Describe how the global integration of cultures, including Eastern metaphysical influences, has affected contemporary philosophical thinking. Cite at least one example and explain its effects on contemporary philosophical thinking. How has contemporary philosophical thinking been effected by Eastern metaphysical influences and other examples of the global integration of cultures? Cite at least one example and explain its effects on contemporary philosophical thinking.

Nicolas Roegs Bad Timing Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Nicolas Roegs Bad Timing - Movie Review Example It's a completely different discipline, it exists on its own. I would say that the beauty of it is it's not the theater, it's not done over again. It's done in bits and pieces. Things are happening which you can't get again." When the French poet, theorist-filmmaker, Jean Epstein, first delivered his concept of Photogenie to Parisian salons and academic circles at the Sorbonne in 1923 and 1924, film as an art form was in its infancy. The whole idea of film as a medium worthy of serious scholarship, along with the evolution of the auteur theory, was still decades off. Yet, the seeds were planted and if it wasn't for his early, groundbreaking works, (or in Walter Benjamin's case, "shocking" words), we wouldn't have the concept of "independent film" or cinema as an art form onto itself, something we often take for granted today. The films of director Nicolas Roeg, taken as a whole, have been read as experimental, voyeuristic, brilliant and bombastic. Roeg started out working in the British film industry in London and developed his craft working as a camera assistant. He ended up heading second units on two films for director David Lean, the epic masterpieces, Lawrence of Arabia and Doctor Zhivago. Roeg then went on to win high acclaim in his own right as the cinematographer of the classic films; Fahrenheit 451, Far From the Madding Crowd and Petulia, for the influential directors; Francois Truffaut, John Schlesinger, and Richard Lester. When Roeg decided it was time to direct his own films, he proceeded with an instinctual knowledge of what he wanted. It is with this sensibility, a way of pursuing his craft by what appeals to the senses, that he approached the film Bad Timing : A Sensual Obsession, a work that many have argued is one of his best, along side the classic Don't Look Now. I will pursue, in this paper, how Epstein's concept of photogenie and Walter Benjamin's idea of the "optical unconscious", from his essay, "The Work of Art in the Age of Technological Reproducibility"2, are seminal to the work of Roeg in the film Bad Timing; in his use of the camera, his approach to the actors (especially in relationship in their use of props), his development of the story in his editing choices and in the final "re-structuring" of the film. Jean Epstein defined his concept of "photogenie", first coined by Lois Delluc as "the art of cinema", as "any aspect of things, beings or souls whose moral character is enhanced by filmic reproduction". He goes on to say: "The mind travels in time, just as it does in space. But whereas in space we imagine three directions at right angles to each other, in time we conceive only one: the past-future vector. We can conceive a space-time system in which the past-future direction also passes through the point of intersection of the three acknowledged spatial directions, at the precise moment when it is between past and future: the present, a point in time, an instant without duration, as

Young goodman brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne analytical analysis Research Paper

Young goodman brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne analytical analysis - Research Paper Example The story is considered as one of the most widely accepted literary works which clearly explores the mischievous life of 17th century Puritan society. The theme of the story is related to the madness surrounding the Salem Witchcraft Trials of 1692. Hawthorne presents the conflict between good and evil through the perspective of his protagonist Goodman Brown. Through the obliteration of Brown’ illusions about goodness and virtue the writer criticize social customs and manners. Hawthorne presents his protagonist as a powerful instrument to convey his thoughts and ideas about the social and religious customs which took place in 17th century Puritan society. He develops the story through the historical events like black mass, Salem Witchcrafts Trials which happened in 17th century life. Hawthorne’s short story Young Goodman Brown represents the conflicts between good and evil which explored uncertainty of Puritan beliefs in God. In the beginning of the story Hawthorne prese nts his hero as an unknown errand in the forest, who leaves Faith, his wife of three months. In this journey, he meets a man, who carries a serpent as staff in his hand. The image of thick forest in the story represents human mind with mixed feelings and beliefs. Gary Hoppenstand and Ray Broadus Browne observe; â€Å"Hawthorne’s symbolic forests reveal the very turbulence of the human mind† (Hoppenstand & Browne128). ... In this respect, critic Harold Bloom rightly comments that; â€Å"As Brown commences travelling, Hawthorne likens his forest path to the spiritual journey of a man questioning his religious faith† (Bloom 108). Brown feels he is flying through the forest with the help of an apple –wood decorated by the stranger for him. When they arrived in the middle of the forest at mid night, Brown sees the entire town people gathered there. In a state of fear and anxiety, Brown identifies that the people celebrate witches Sabbath and a kind of uncertainty and doubts defeats him .As Elizabeth Reis rightly comments; â€Å" Goodman Brown’s first steps in to the woods symbolize the ambivalence of a faithful Puritan† (Reis 199). Brown’s anxiety reaches its zenith when he sees the ceremony to baptize the new comer in to the mystery of sin. With a sudden shock, Brown recognizes the new comer –Goodman Brown and his new wife Faith. Hawthorne depicts the character o f Faith as a symbol of extreme love in the story. She symbolizes the love between man and woman, the love and devotion from man towards the mighty God. It is through her character the author discloses his adamant belief in God. His own words clarify Brown’s loyalty and trust towards his wife Faith. He says; "she's a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night, I'll cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven" (Hawthorne 9). Readers have to note the fact that Hawthorne permits his protagonist to bring his strong belief back in God through the devotion and affection towards his beloved wife Faith. But in the dream he gets frightened and disappointed in the presence of wife. Similarly, Hawthorne illustrates the image of staff as a symbol of evil in human

Linear Regression and Regression Analysis Assignment

Linear Regression and Regression Analysis - Assignment Example Linear regression refers to an approach that involves modeling the relationship that exists between a dependent variable Y and explanatory variable(s) X. The model for linear regression requires that the variables take up the relationship illustrated below: Therefore, regression analysis is the process of determining the parameters that make up the equation defining that defines the relationship between the variables. This forms the basis for further evaluation of the variables through an in-depth analysis of the basic components of the equation that would result into a line of best fit. Regression analysis is defined on basis of the goal of conducting regression, which is to develop a line of best fit for the variables under investigation (Kahane, 2001). The goal of using the technique is to establish the relationship and strength of the relationship between two or more variables. This technique is applicable in criminal justice in a number of ways. Regression analysis is useful in evaluating the relationship existing between various aspects of criminal justice. By acknowledging that there are events that take up the position of being determinants of the outcomes of other variables, this technique can be applied in Criminal justice. The regression analysis is pertinent in determining the relationship among variables as a basis for evaluation of the best practices and structures to adopt with regards to the criminal justice system. For instance, upon establishing the nature and strength of the relationship among variables, it is possible to evaluate the impact of specific changes on one to the other. This analysis is important in developing an understanding of the different ways in which improvements can be made to one of the variabl e in order to change the other (Williams, 2009). There are many ways in which regression analysis is applicable to criminal justice. For instance, when conducting a study on the relationship between criminal

Questions on Foundations of normal labour Essay

Questions on Foundations of normal labour - Essay Example First stage of labour begins with uterine contractions that are regular and ends with complete dilatation of the cervix, i.e. 10 cm. This stage may be divided into early latent phase, an active phase and a transitional phase. During the latent phase, the uterine contractions are irregular and mild. The cervix begins to shorten and soften. The cervix is dilated 1-4cm. Contractions of the uterus may or may not be regular and may be associated with backache, abdominal cramps, show, rupture of membranes, mucoid vaginal discharge and passage of the mucus plug. Active phase begins when the cervix is 3-4 cm dilated. The dilatation rapidly increases and presenting fetal part descends. The uterine contractions are much stronger and last for longer period, approximately 40-45 seconds. They are also more frequent. Contractions may be accompanied by pain in this stage. The cervix is dilated upto 8cm. This phase is followed by the transitional stage. Cervix dilatation is 8-10cm. The contractions of the uterus are stronger and of longer duration, 50-60seconds. Other symptoms in this stage are discomfort, hiccups, irritable abdomen, behavioural changes, restlessness, nausea and vomiting, increased perspiration, heavy show that is profusely dark, rupture of membranes, low back ache and sensation of stretching in deep pelvis. The first stage of labour ends when the cervix is dilated at 10 cm. ... At term, cortisol production of fetus increases. This causes increase in the production of estrone and estradiol and decreased production of progesterone from placenta. This amounts to increase in uterine activity because, basically, while progesterone suppresses the activity of the uterus, estradiol increases it. Increased production of prostaglandins occurs which contribute to increased activity of the myometrium. All these changes amount to release of oxytocin and other hormones like CRH, activin A, follistatin, relaxin and hCG, which further increase myometrial activity (Fraser and Cooper, 2006). Towards term, softening of cervix occurs due to decrease in collagen and increase in proteolytic enzymes. This partly occurs due to increased production of hyaluronc acid which decreases the affinity between collagen and fibronectin. Due to affinity of hyaluronic acid towards water, the cervix gradually softens and ripens. Even cervix contracts from the point of dilatation of 3-4 cm. How ever, in the active phase of labour, dilatation of cervix mainly occurs due to passive stretching of contractions of the uterus (Fraser and Cooper, 2006). The uterine pressures in first stage of labour rise to 20-30mmHg during contraction. The contractions occur every 10-15 minutes and lasts for 30-40 seconds. The intensity of contractions increases to a maximum of 50mmHg. Pain develops when the amniotic pressures increase beyond 25mmHg. Uterine contractions cause dilatation and effacement of the cervix due to shortening of the fibers of the myometrium in the upper segment of the uterus. This is called retraction. The lower segment of the uterus

E gov Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

E gov - Case Study Example he effect of the established water projects in people’s lives, demonstrate institutional failures and corruption of Thar government and how they have led to distrust in the public and my opinion to reduce such occurrences. Decrease of monsoon rainfall is caused by Arabian Sea that branch north of Cambay gulf resulting in extreme drought conditions in Thar Desert, unexpected change of air currents, and the dry air of Sind. Karakilcik and Kalyar (2014) argue that deflection of air currents to the east in Arabian Sea is increasing causing the air to move east and southeast. As a result, the rain bearing wind reaches south-west of Arabia and marks the end of monsoon rainfall. This has caused increasingly drought conditions in Thar Desert. Thar Desert in south East Pakistan has been suffering from extreme drought conditions for a period of three years. Jillian (2015) notes that Tharparkar region is the most neglected areas in Pakistan. Lack of proper rain for the last three years has affected people and livestock greatly. An interview with one of the residents of Thar parkar region in Pakistan indicates that drought has left nothing edible for people and livestock. Halepoto (2012) indicates that 90% of the agricultural land has perished due to inadequate water. Human beings are suffering. Reports from the local doctors and hospitals indicate that children are the most affected due to malnutrition and premature births. Despite the increased efforts by the government to get the people of Pakistan from crisis, the continuous increase in drought is dragging their efforts (Halepoto, 2012). Water borne diseases from saline water and malnutrition have caused increased number of infant deaths. In search of greener pastures, thousands of people migrate to the nearby farming districts close to River Indus (Poonia and Rao, 2013). Trained Health care workers are migrating to big cities, such as Karachi to look for employment (Halepoto, 2012). There is also no continuity in

Renaissance Notes Essay Example for Free

Renaissance Notes Essay The 15th century artistic developments in Italy matured during the 16th century. The 15th century is thus designated the â€Å"Early Renaissance† and the 16th century the â€Å"High Renaissance†. Although there is no single style that defines the period, there is a distinct level of technical and artistic mastery that does. This is the age of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Titian, artists whose works exhibit such authority, that later generations of artists relied on these works for instruction. These exemplary artistic creations further elevated the prestige of artists. Artists could claim divine inspiration, thereby raising visual art to a status formerly only given to poetry. Painters, sculptors, and architects were elevated to a new level and they claimed for their work a high position among the fine arts. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 1519) was born in the small town of Vinci, near Florence. He trained in the studio of Andrea del Verrocchio. He was brilliant man with many interests. His directions foreshadowed those that art and science would take in the future. A discussion of his many interests enhances our understanding of his artistic production. Those interests are seen in his Romulus sketchbooks filled with drawings and notes from his studies of the human body and natural world. He explored optics in-depth, allowing him to understand perspective, light, and color. His scientific drawings are artworks themselves. Leonardo’s ambition in painting, as well as science, was to discover the laws underlying the processes and flux of nature. Leonardo believed that reality in its absolute sense is inaccessible, and that humans can only know it through its changing images. He considered the eyes the most vital organs and sight the most essential function. In his notes, he repeatedly stated that all his scientific investigations made him a better painter. Around 1481, Leonardo left Florence, offering his services to Ludovico Sforza, duke of Milan. In his offer he highlighted his competence as a military engineer, mentioning his artistic abilities only at the end. This provided Leonardo with increased financial security and highlights the period’s instability. During his first trip to Milan Leonardo painted Virgin on the Rocks as a central panel of an altarpiece for the chapel of the confraternity of the Immaculate Conception in San Francesco Grande. The painting builds on Masaccio’s understanding and usage of Chiaroscuro. Modeling with light and shadow and expressing emotional states were, for Leonardo, the heart of painting. A good painting has two chief objects to paint man and the intention of his soul. The former is easy, the latter hard, for it must be expressed by gestures and the movement of the limbs A painting will only be wonderful for the beholder by making that which is not so appear raised and detached from the wall. Leonardo presented the figures in Virgin of the Rocks in a pyramidal grouping and more notably, as sharing the same environment. This groundbreaking achievement the unified representation of objects in an atmospheric setting was a manifestation of scientific curiosity about the invisible substance surrounding things. The Madonna, Christ Child, infant John the Baptist, and angel emerge through nuances of light and shade from the half light of the cavernous visionary landscape. Light veils and reveals the forms, immersing them in a layer of atmosphere that exists between them and the viewer. Atmospheric perspective is in full view. The figures actions unite them; prayer, pointing, and blessing. The angel points to the infant John. His outward glance involves spectators out of view, perhaps the viewers of the painting. John prays to the Christ Child and is blessed in return. The Virgin herself completes the series of interlocking gestures, her left hand resting protectively on John’s shoulder. The mood of tenderness, enhanced by caressing light, suffuses the entire composition. Leonardo succeeded in expressing â€Å"the intention of his soul.† For the refectory of the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Leonardo painted Last Supper. Despite its ruined state (in part from Leonardo’s unfortunate experiments with his materials) and although it has often been restored ineptly, the painting is Leonardo’s most formally and emotionally impressive work. Christ and his twelve disciples are seated at a long table set parallel to the picture plane in a simple, spacious room. Leonardo amplified the drama by placing it in an austere room. Christ with outstretched hands, has just said, â€Å"one of you is about to betray me† Matt 26:21. A wave of intense excitement passes through the group as each disciple asks himself or his neighbor, â€Å"Is it I?† In the center, Christ appears isolated from the disciples and in perfect repose, while emotion swirls around him. The central window in the back frames Christ and has a curving pediment above it. The arc serves as a diffused halo. Christ’s head is the location of the single vanishing point on which the orthogonals converge, further emphasizing Christ. Leonardo presented the agitated disciples in four groups of three, united among and within themselves by the figures’ gestures and postures. The artist sacrificed traditional iconography to pictorial and dramatic consistency by placing Judas on the same side of the table as Jesus and the other disciples. His face in shadow, Judas clutches a money bag in his right hand and reaches his left forward to fulfill the Master’s declaration† :But yeah behold, the hand of him that betrayeth me is on the table† Luke 22:21. The two disciples on the end contain the action by their quiet composure. Leonardo’s, Mona Lisa is the world’s most famous portrait. The sitter’s identity is not certain, but Vasari asserted that she is Lisa di Antonio Maria Gherardini, the wife of a wealthy Florentine hence, â€Å"Mona (an Italian contraction of ma donna, â€Å"my lady†) Lisa.† It is notable because it is a convincing representation of an individual, rather than serving as an icon of status. The ambiguity of the famous â€Å"smile† is really the consequence of Leonardo’s fascination and skill with chiaroscuro and atmospheric perspective. Her they serve to disguise rather than reveal a human psyche. The artist subtly adjusted the light and blurred precise planes Leonardo’s famous smokey sfumato (misty haziness) rendering the facial expression hard to determine. The lingering appeal of Mona Lisa derives in large part from Leonardo’s decision to set his subject against the backdrop of a mysterious uninhabited landscape. Originally Leonardo represented Mona Lisa in a loggia with columns. The painting was cropped later on (not by Leonardo) and the columns were eliminated. The remains of the column bases may still be seen to the left and right of Mona’s shoulders. Leonardo completed very few paintings; his perfectionism, relentless experimentation, and far ranging curiosity diffused his efforts. The drawings in his notebooks preserve an extensive record of his ideas. His interests focused increasingly on science in his later years, and he embraced knowledge of all facets of the natural world. One example is The Fetus and Lining of the Uterus, although not up to 20th century standards for accuracy, it was an astounding achievement in its day. Though not the first scientist, Leonardo certainly originated a method of scientific illustration, especially cutaway and exploded views. Scholars have long recognized the importance of these drawings for the development of anatomy as a science, especially in an age predating photographic methods such a X rays. Leonardo was well known as an architect and sculptor in his lifetime, but no existing building or sculptures can be attributed to him. From his drawings he was interested in the central style plan of buildings. Leonardo left numerous drawings of monumental equestrian statues of which one was made into a full scale model for a monument to Francesco Sforza (Ludovico’s). The French used it for a target and shot it to pieces when they occupied Milan in 1499. Due to the French, Leonardo left Milan and served for a while as a military engineer for Caesar Borgia, who, with the support of his father, Pope Alexander VI, who tried to conquer the cities of the Romagna region in North Central Italy and create a Borgia duchy. At a later date, Leonardo returned to Milan in the service of the French. At the invitation of King Francis I, he then went to France, where he died at the Chateau of Cloux in 1519. Julius II: The Warrior Pope Pope Julius II (Giuliano della Rovere (1503 1513), was an individual whose interests and activities effected the course of the High Renaissance. Julius II was a very ambitious man who indulged his enthusiasm for battle in a supposed quest to expand the church and the Kingdom of Heaven by worldly means. This earned him a designation as the â€Å"warrior pope†. He selected his name Julius after Julius Caesar, and he ran the papacy using the Roman Empire as his model. Julius II’s papacy was notable for his contributions to the arts. He was an avid art patron and understood well the propagandistic value of visual imagery. After his election as pope, he immediately commissioned artworks that would present an authoritative image of his rule and reinforce the primacy of the Catholic Church. He commissioned a new design for Saint Peter’s basilica, the construction of his tomb, the painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling, and the decoration of the papal apartments. These large scale projects clearly required considerable finances. Because of this need, Julius sanctioned the huge increase in the selling of indulgences as a way to raise the revenue needed to fund the art, architecture, and the lavish papal lifestyle. This perception prompted disgruntlement among the faithful. Despite his exceptional artistic legacy, Julius II’s patronage contributed to the rise of the Reformation. Saint Peter’s Old Saint Peter’s had fallen into considerable disrepair and did not fit Julius II’s taste for the large, colossal, and glorious. He wanted control over all Italy and make the Rome of the Pope’s as glorious as or greater than that of the Caesars. This important commission was awarded to Donato D’Angelo Bramante (1444 1514). Bramante was trained as a painter. He went to Milan in 1481 and stayed till the French arrived in 1499. In Milan he abandoned painting and went on to become the most renowned architect of his generation. Influenced by Brunelleschi, Alberti, and perhaps Leonardo, who favored antiquity, Bramante developed the High Renaissance form of the central plan church. Bramante originally conceived the new Saint Peter’s to consist of a cross with arms of equal length, each terminated by an apse. Julius II intended the new building to serve as a martyrium to mark Saint Peter’s grave and also hoped to have his own tomb in it. A large dome would have covered the crossing, and smaller domes over the subsidiary chapels would have covered the diagonal axes of the roughly squared plan. The ambitious plan called for a boldly sculptural treatment of the walls and piers under the dome. His design for the interior space was complex in the extreme, with the intricate symmetries of a crystal. It is possible to detect in the plan nine interlocking crosses, five of them supporting domes. The scale was so titanic that, according to sources, Bramante boasted he would place the dome of the Pantheon over the Basilica Nova. During Bramante’s lifetime, the actual construction on the new Saint Peter’s basilica did not advance beyond the building of the crossing piers and the lower choir walls. After his death, the work passed on to other architects and finally to Michelangelo, whom Pope Paul III appointed in 1546 to complete the building. Not until the 17th century did the Church oversee the completion. An earlier building completed by Bramante is considered the perfect prototype of classical domed architecture for the Renaissance and after. The building is called Tempietto â€Å"Little Temple† because to contemporaries it had the look of a Roman pagan temple. The lower story was directly inspired by the round temples of Roman Italy that Bramante would have know in Rome. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain commissioned the Tempietto to mark the conjectural location of Saint Peter’s crucifixion. Available information suggests the project was commissioned in 1502, but there is dispute over the date. Bramante relied on the composition of volumes and masses and on a sculptural handling of solids and voids to set apart this building, all but devoid of ornament, from the structures built in the preceding century. Standing inside the cloister along side the church of San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, and the Tempietto resembles a sculptured reliquary and would have looked even more like one inside the circular colonnaded courtyard Bramante planned for it but never executed. At first glance, the structure seems severely rational with its circular stylobate and Tuscan style colonnade. Wonderful harmony is achieved in the relationship of the parts (dome, drum, and base) to one another and to the whole. Conceived as a tall domed cylinder projecting from a wider lower cylinder of the colonnade, this building incorporates all the qualities of a sculpted monument. There is a wonderful rhythmic play of light and shadow on the form. Although the Tempietto may superficially resemble a Greek tholos, the combination of parts and details was new and original. If one of the main differences between Early and High Renaissance styles of architecture was the former’s emphasis on detailing flat wall surfaces versus the latter’s sculptural handling of architectural masses, then Tempietto certainly broke new ground and stood at the beginning of the High Renaissance. The architect Andrea Palladio credited Bramante as the â€Å"first to bring back to light the good and beautiful architecture from antiquity to that time had been hidden.† Round in plan, it is elevated on a base that isolates it from its surroundings. Michelangelo The artist whom Pope Julius II deemed best able to convey his message was Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475 1564), who received some of the most coveted commissions. Though a man of many talents, architect, sculptor, painter, poet, and engineer, he thought of himself first as a sculptor. He regarded sculptor as a superior calling to painter because the sculptor shares in something like the divine power to â€Å"make man.† Drawing a conceptual parallel to Plato’s ideas, Michelangelo believed that the image produced by the artists hand must come from the idea in the artist’s mind. The idea, then, is the reality that the artist’s genius has brought forth. But artists are not the creators of the ideas they conceive. Rather they find their ideas in the natural world, reflecting the absolute idea, which, for the artist, is beauty. One of Michelangelo’s best known observations about sculpture is that the artist must proceed by finding the idea the image locked in the stone, as it were. Thus, by removing the excess stone, the artist extricates the ideas, like Pygmalion bringing forth the living form. Michelangelo felt that the artist works through many years at this unceasing process of revelation and â€Å"arrives late at novel and lofty things.† Michelangelo sharply broke from his predecessors in a very important respect. He mistrusted the application of mathematical methods as guarantees of beauty in proportion. Measure and proportion, he believed, should be â€Å"kept in the eyes.† Vasari quotes Michelangelo as declaring that â€Å"it was necessary to have the compasses in the eyes and not in the hand, because the hands work and the eye judges.† Thus Michelangelo went against Vitruvius, Alberti, Leonardo, and others by asserting that the artist’s inspired judgment could identify other pleasing proportions. He believed that the artist must not be bound, except by the demands made by realizing the idea. This insistence on the artist’s own authority was typical of Michelangelo and anticipated the modern concept of the right of self expression of talent limited only by the artist’s own judgment. The artistic license to aspire far beyond the â€Å"rules† was, in part, a manifestation of the pursuit of fame and success that humanism fostered. In this context, Michelangelo designed architecture and created paintings that departed from High Renaissance regularity. He put in its stead a style of vast, expressive strength conveyed through complex, eccentric, and often titanic forms that loom before the viewer in tragic grandeur. Michelangelo’s self imposed isolation, creative furies, proud independence, and daring innovations led Italians to speak of the dominating quality of the man and his work in one word -terribilita, the sublime shadowed by the awesome and the fearful. David In 1501, the Florence Cathedral building committee asked Michelangelo to work a great block of marble left over from an earlier aborted commission. From this stone, Michelangelo crafted David, which assured his reputation then and now as an extraordinary talent. The form and its references to classical antiquity appealed to Julius II who associated himself with the humanists and Roman emperors. This sculpture and the acclaim that accompanied its completion lead to Michelangelo’s papal commissions. Like other David sculptures, Michelangelo’s had a political dimension. With the political instability of the time, Florentines viewed David as the symbolic defiant hero of the Florentine republic, especially given the statue’s placement near the west door of the Palazzo della Signoria. Forty years after David’s completion, Vasari extolled the political value of David claiming that â€Å"without a doubt the figure has put in the shade every other statue, ancient or modern, Greek or Roman this was intended as a symbol of liberty for the palace, signifying that just as David protected his people and governed them justly, so whoever ruled Florence should vigorously defend the city and govern it with justice.† Michelangelo depicted David, not in victory, but turning his head sternly watching the approaching foe. His whole body and face is tense with gathering power. This energy in reserve is characteristic of Michelangelo’s later figures. The Roman sculptor’s skill in precise rendering of heroic physique impressed Michelangelo. In David, without strictly imitating the antique style, Michelangelo captured the Lysippan athletes and the emotionalism of Hellenistic statuary. This David differs from Donatello’s and Verrocchio’s as Hellenistic statues depart from classical ones. Michelangelo abandoned the self contained compositions of the 15th century David statues by giving David’s head the abrupt turn toward Goliath. Michelangelo’s David is compositionally and emotionally connected to an unseen presence beyond the statue; a quality in Hellenistic sculpture. As early as David, Michelangelo invested his efforts in presenting towering pent up emotion rather than calm ideal beauty. Julius II’s Tomb The first project Julius II commissioned from Michelangelo in 1505 was the pontiffs own tomb. The original design called for a freestanding two story structure with some 28 statues. This colossal monument would have given Michelangelo the latitude to sculpt numerous human statues while providing the pope with a grandiose memorial which Julius intended to be in St. Peter’s. Shortly after the project began, it was interrupted, possibly because funds had to be diverted to Bramante’s building of St. Peters. After Julius II’s death in 1513, Michelangelo was forced to reduce the scale of the project step by step until, it became a simple wall tomb with one third of the originally planned figures. The tomb was completed in 1545 and was placed in San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome, where Julius at one time had been a cardinal. It is with surety that the ambitious Julius II would have been bitterly disappointed. The spirit of the tomb may be summed up in the figure of Moses, which Michelangelo had completed in 1513, during a sporadic resumption of work. It was meant to be seen from below and to be balanced with seven other massive forms related to it in spirit. The position of Moses now in his rather paltry setting’ does not have its original impact. Michelangelo depicted the Old Testament prophet seated, the Tablets of the Law under one arm and his hands gathering his voluminous beard. The horns were a recognizable convention to identify Moses. Michelangelo used the turned head, which concentrates the expression of awful wrath that stirs in Moses’ powerful frame and eyes. The muscles bulge, the veins swell, and the great legs seem to begin slowly to move with pent up energy. Originally 20 sculptures of slaves in various attitudes of revolt and exhaustion, appear on the tomb. Bound Slave is one of those sculptures. Scholars question whether this sculpture and three other slave sculptures should have been part of Julius’s tomb. Many scholars also reject their identification as â€Å"slaves† or â€Å"captives.† What ever their intended purpose they are definitive. The figures do not represent an abstract concept, as in medieval allegory, but embody powerful emotional states associated with oppression. Michelangelo based his whole art on his conviction that whatever can be said greatly through sculpture and painting must be said through the human figure. The Sistine Chapel With the suspension of the tomb project, Julius gave the bitter and reluctant Michelangelo the commission to paint the Sistine Chapel in 1508. Michelangelo gave in hoping that the tomb commission would be revived. He faced enormous difficulties in painting the Sistine ceiling. He was inexperienced in fresco painting. The ceiling was some 5,800 square feet of surface to be covered and it was 70 feet above the ground. The vault’s height and curve created complicated perspective problems. Yet, in less than four years, Michelangelo produced an unprecedented work a monumental fresco incorporating the patron’s agenda, Church doctrine, and the artist’s interests. The theme of the creation, the fall, and the redemption of humanity weave together more than 300 figures. A long sequence of narrative panels describing the Creation as recorded in Genesis, runs along the crown of the vault. The Hebrew prophets and pagan sibyls who foretold the coming of Christ appear seated in large thrones on both sides of the central row of scenes from Genesis where the vault curves down. In the four corner pendentives are placed four Old Testament scenes with David, Judith, Haman, and Moses and the Brazen Serpent. Scores of lesser figures also appear. The ancestors of Christ fill the triangular compartments above the windows, nude youths punctuate the corners of the central panels and small pairs of putti (cherub little boys) support the painted cornice surrounding the entire central corridor. The overall concept a sweeping chronology of Christianity was keeping with Renaissance ideas about Christian history. Such ideas include interest in the conflict between good and evil and between the energy of youth and the wisdom of age. The conception of the entire ceiling was astounding in itself, and the articulation of it in its thousand details was a superhuman achievement. One of the ceilings central panels, the Creation of Adam, is also one of the most famous. Michelangelo created a bold, entirely humanistic interpretation of the momentous event. God and Adam confront each other in a primordial unformed landscape of which Adam is still a material part. The Lord transcends the earth, wrapped in a billowing cloud of drapery and borne up by his powers. Life leaps to Adam like a spark from the extended hand of God. The communication between Gods and man was common in myth and the connection here is clear. It emphasizes how High Renaissance thought joined classical and Christian traditions. Beneath the Lord’s sheltering arm is a female figure comprehensive but uncreated. Scholars traditionally have believed this to be Eve, but recent scholarship suggests that it may be the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child at her knee. If this is true, Michelangelo incorporated into the fresco the basic tenets of the Christian faith. Raphael While Michelangelo was working on the Sistine Ceiling, Pope Julius II commissioned Raphael (1483 1520) to decorate the papal apartments in 1508. Raphael painted the Stanza della Segnatura (Room of the Signature the papal library) and the Stanza d’Eliodoro (Room of Heliodorus). His pupils completed the other rooms, following his sketches. On the Four walls in the Stanza della Segnatura, under the headings of Theology (Disputa), Law (Justice), Poetry (Parnassus), and Philosophy (School of Athens), Raphael presented images that symbolize and sum up Western learning as Renaissance society understood it. The frescos refer to the four branches of human knowledge and wisdom while pointing out the virtues and learning appropriate to a pope. Given Julius II’s desire for recognition as both a spiritual and temporal leader, it is appropriate that the Theology and Philosophy frescos face each other. The two images present a balanced picture of the pope as a cultured, knowledgeable, individual, on the one hand, and as a wise, divinely ordained religious authority on the other. The Philosophy mural (the so called School of Athens) is the setting not of a school but a congregation of the great philosophers and scientists of the ancient world. Raphael depicted these luminaries rediscovered by Renaissance thinkers conversing and explaining their various theories and ideas. In a vast hall covered by massive barrel vaults that recall Roman architecture (and approximate the appearance of the new Saint Peter’s in 1509 when the painting was executed), colossal statues of Apollo and Athena, patron gods of the arts and of wisdom, oversee the interactions. Plato and Aristotle serve as the central figures around whom Raphael carefully arranged others. Plato holds his book Timaeus and points to heaven, the source of his inspiration, while Aristotle carries his book Nichomachean Ethics and gestures toward the earth, from which his observations of reality sprang. On Plato’s side are the ancient philosophers, men concerned with the ultimate mysteries that transcend this world. On Aristotle’s side are the philosophers and scientists concerned with the nature of human affairs. At the lower left, Pythagoras writes as a servant holds up the harmonic scale. In the foreground, Heraclitus (probably a portrait of Michelangelo) broods alone. Diogenes sprawls on the steps. At the right, students are around Euclid, who demonstrates a theorem. This group is especially interesting; Euclid may be the portrait of the aging Bramante. At the extreme right, just to the right of the astronomers Zoroaster and Ptolemy, both holding globes, Raphael included his own portrait. The figures’ self assurance and natural dignity convey the very nature of calm reason that balance and measure the great Renaissance minds so admired as the heart of philosophy. In this work Raphael placed himself among the mathematicians and scientists. His convincing depiction of a vast perspective space on a two dimensional surface was the consequence of the union of mathematics, with pictorial space, here mastered completely. All the characters in the School of Athens, communicate moods that reflect their beliefs, and the artist’s placement of each figure tied these moods together. From the center, Raphael arranged groups of figures in an elliptical movement around Plato and Aristotle. It seems to swing forward, looping around the two foreground groups on both sides and then back again to the center. Moving through the wide opening in the foreground around the floor’s perspective pattern, the viewer’s eye penetrates the assembly of philosophers and continues, by way of the reclining Diogenes, up to the here reconciled leaders of the two great opposing camps of Renaissance philosophy. The perspective’s vanishing point falls on Plato’s left hand, drawing the viewer’s attention to Timaeus. In the works in the Stanza della Segnatura, Raphael reconciled and harmonized not only the Platonists and Aristotelians but also paganism and Christianity, surely a major factor in his appeal to Julius II. Galatea Pope Leo X (Giovanni de Medici, 1513 1521), the son of Lorenzo de Medici, succeeded Julius II as Raphael’s patron. Leo was a worldly, pleasure loving prince who spent huge amounts on the arts. Raphael moved in the highest circles of the papal court, the star of a brilliant society. He was young, handsome, wealthy, and adulated, not only by his followers, but also by Rome and all Italy. Genial, even tempered, generous, and high minded. Raphaels personality contrasted with the mysterious and aloof Leonardo, or the tormented and obstinate Michelangelo. The Pope was not Raphael’s only patron. His friend Agostino Chigi, an immensely wealthy banker who managed the papal state’s financial affairs, commissioned Raphael to decorate his palace, the Villa Farnesina, on the Tiber with scenes from classical mythology. Outstanding among the frescos was Galatea, which Raphael based on Metamorphoses, by the ancient Roman poet Ovid. In Raphael’s fresco, Galatea flees from her uncouth lover, the Cyclops Polyphemus, on a shell drawn by leaping dolphins. Sea creatures and playful cupids surround her. The painting erupts in unrestrained pagan joy and exuberance, an exultant song in praise of human beauty and zestful love. Raphael enhanced the liveliness of the composition by placing the sturdy figures around Galatea in bounding and dashing movements that always return to her energetic center. The cupids, skillfully foreshortened, repeat the circling motion. Raphael conceived his figures sculpturally. Galatea’s body is strong and vigorous in motion suggesting the spiraling motion of Hellenistic statuary, and contrasting with Botticelli’s, almost dematerialized Venus. Pagan myth presented in monumental form, in vivacious movement, and a spirit of passionate delight resurrects the naturalistic art and poetry of the classical world. Pope Paul III Pope Paul III maintained the lavish lifestyle of previous popes and was a great patron of the arts. He commissioned a palace for himself while he was still Cardinal Farnese. The Palazzo Farnese in Rome was designed by Antonio Da Sangallo the Younger (1483 1546) who established himself as the favorite architect of Pope Paul II and received many commissions that might have otherwise gone to Michelangelo. Antonio was from a family of architects and was an assistant and draftsman for Bramante. Antonio built fortifications for almost the entire papal state and received more commissions for military than for civilian architecture. The Palazzo Farnese set the standard for the High Renaissance palazzo and fully expresses the classical order, regularity, simplicity, and dignity of the High Renaissance. It was finished by Michelangelo after Antonio’s death in 1546. The Last Judgment Many of Pope Paul III’s commissions were part of an orchestrated campaign to restore the prominence of the Catholic Church in wake of the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation was the result of widespread dissatisfaction with the leadership and practices of the Catholic Church. Led by Clerics such as Martin Luther (1483 1546) and John Calvin (1509 1564) the Reformation directly challenged papal authority. The disgruntled Catholics voiced concerns about the sale of indulgences, nepotism, and high Church officials pursuing personal wealth. This reform movement resulted in the establishment of Protestantism, with sub groups such as Lutheranism and Calvinism. Central to Protestantism is a belief in personal faith rather than adherence to decreed Church practices and doctrines. This personal relationship between an individual and God, in essence eliminated the need for Church intercession central to Catholicism.